Running Llama 3.1 70B on a Single RTX 3090 via NVMe-to-GPU

70B Model Inference on a Single Consumer GPU

An open-source project called ntransformer, shared on Hacker News, demonstrates running Llama 3.1 70B on a single RTX 3090 GPU with 24GB of VRAM. A 70B parameter model typically requires around 140GB of memory — far beyond what any consumer GPU offers.

The Core Technique: NVMe-to-GPU Direct Transfer

The key innovation is bypassing CPU RAM entirely. Standard model inference loads weights through: storage → CPU RAM → GPU VRAM. ntransformer instead streams weights directly from NVMe SSD to GPU VRAM.

Eliminates CPU memory as a bottleneck

Leverages NVMe's high bandwidth directly

Loads only the currently needed layers into GPU memory (layer-by-layer streaming)

Implications

This approach makes large model experimentation accessible to developers with high-end consumer GPUs who lack access to expensive server hardware. Inference speed is slower than having the full model resident in VRAM, but the accessibility improvement is significant.

The project is available as open source on GitHub. It received 233 upvotes on Hacker News, reflecting strong interest in democratizing access to large language models.