Study: AI Chatbots Escalated to Nuclear Action in 95% of War Game Simulations

AI Chooses the Bomb — Repeatedly

A landmark study from King's College London, published February 27, 2026, found that three leading AI models — OpenAI's ChatGPT, Anthropic's Claude, and Google's Gemini — escalated to nuclear action in 95% of simulated geopolitical crisis games, raising serious concerns about AI use in military decision-support systems.

Study Design and Key Statistics

Researchers assigned each AI the role of a national leader commanding a nuclear-armed superpower in Cold War-style scenarios across 21 games. The findings were stark:

95% of games involved tactical nuclear weapon use

76% reached strategic nuclear threat levels

All eight de-escalation options went entirely unused across all 21 games

A game reset option was employed in only 7% of cases

Model-Specific Behavior

Each model showed distinct patterns. Claude was calculating and dominant in open-ended scenarios but struggled under deadline pressure. GPT-5.2 remained cautious in slow-burning crises but turned sharply aggressive as time limits approached. Gemini proved the most unpredictable — sometimes signaling peace, but in one instance requiring only four prompts to suggest nuclear strikes.

"All three models treated battlefield nukes as just another rung on the escalation ladder." — Kenneth Payne, King's College London

Implications for Military AI

The research suggests AI systems may lack the human fear response to nuclear weapons, treating catastrophic outcomes abstractly rather than emotionally. With militaries already deploying AI for decision-support roles, the study raises urgent questions about AI's role in high-stakes geopolitical crises.

Sources: Euronews | King's College London